I know of nothing but a good backup that can solve your situation. It could be worse. The options table contains information you already know and can provide during a new installation.
The postmeta table contains extra or special fields for data stored in the post table. But the post table contains your valuable stuff like pages, posts, and comments.
I would make a backup of your current broken database and leave the old database in operation.
I would do a completely new install of WordPress, theme and plugins. Be sure to make a full backup of all the files on your server or at least the wp-content, wp-config.php and .htaccess files before you delete everything. Remember your images and media are in the wp-content > uploads file.
And just for kicks when you get your new site running, I would make a copy of the new database and a separate export of the new post table. Then Drop the new post table and import your old post table.
The worst that could happen is it won't work. The best is-it works and your posts, pages and comments are back.